Broadbent proposed the idea that the mind could only work with so much sensory input at any given time, and as a result, there must be a filter that allows us to selectively attend to things while blocking others out. Information processing model of Broadbent's Filterĭonald Broabent's filter model is the earliest bottleneck theory of attention and served as a foundation for which Anne Treisman would later build her model of attenuation upon. Broadbent's Filter Model as a stepping stone File:Broadbent Filter Model.jpg It is also favored for being more accurate since shadowing is less dependent upon participants' ability to recall words heard correctly. Due to its live rehearsal characteristic, shadowing is a more versatile testing procedure because manipulations to channels and their immediate results can be witnessed in real time. This recitation of information is carried out so that the experimenters can verify participants are attending to the correct channel, and the number of words perceived (recited) correctly can be scored for later use as a dependent variable. In shadowing, participants go through largely the same process, only this time they are tasked with repeating aloud information heard in the attended ear as it is being presented. Shadowing can be seen as an elaboration upon dichotic listening. Upon completion of a listening task, participants would then be asked to recall any details noticed about the unattended channel. In a dichotic listening task, participants would be asked to wear a set of headphones and attend to information presented to both ears (two channels), or a single ear (one channel) while disregarding anything presented in the opposite channel. Dichotic Listening ĭichotic listening is an experimental procedure used to demonstrate the selective filtering of auditory inputs, and was primarily utilized by Broadbent. As audition became the preferred way of examining selective attention, so too did the testing procedures of dichotic listening and shadowing. Auditory attention is often described as the selection of a channel, message, ear, stimulus, or in the more general phrasing used by Treisman, the "selection between inputs". From this stemmed interest about how we can pick and choose to attend to certain sounds in our surroundings, and at a deeper level, how the processing of attended speech signals differ from those not attended to. Methodology Įarly research came from an era primarily focused upon audition and explaining phenomena such as the cocktail party effect. As a result of this limited capacity to process sensory information, there was believed to be a filter that would prevent overload by reducing the amount of information passed on for processing. That is, they inferred that it was impossible to attend to all the sensory information available at any one time due to limited processing capacity. Early theories of attention such as those proposed by Broadbent and Treisman took a bottleneck perspective. Given that sensory information is constantly besieging us from the five sensory modalities, it was of interest to not only pinpoint where selection of attention took place, but also explain how we prioritize and process sensory inputs. Selective attention theories are aimed at explaining why and how individuals tend to process only certain parts of the world surrounding them, while ignoring others. 3.6 Effects of attentional demand on brain activity. ![]() 3.5 Event-related potentials of irrelevant stimuli.3.4 Electrical shock and unattended words.3.1 Following messages to the unattended ear.2 Attenuation Model of selective attention.1.2.1 Criticisms leading to a theory of attenuation.1.2 Broadbent's Filter Model as a stepping stone.Thus, the attenuation of unattended stimuli would make it difficult, but not impossible to extract meaningful content from irrelevant inputs, so long as stimuli still possessed sufficient "strength" after attenuation to make it through a hierarchical analyzation process. ![]() As a result, attenuation theory added layers of sophistication to Broadbent's original idea of how selective attention might operate: claiming that instead of a filter which barred unattended inputs from ever entering awareness, it was a process of attenuation. Treisman proposed attenuation theory as a means to explain how unattended stimuli sometimes came to be processed in a more rigorous manner than what Broadbent's filter model could account for. Attenuation theory is a model of selective attention proposed by Anne Treisman, and can be seen as a revisal of Donald Broadbent's Filter model.
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